Vector-borne diseases
PLease Read completely and remember it forever
Key facts
- Vector-borne diseases account for more than 17% of all infectious diseases, causing more than 1 million deaths annually.
- More than 2.5 billion people in over 100 countries are at risk of contracting dengue alone.
- Malaria causes more than 600 000 deaths every year globally, most of them children under 5 years of age.
- Other diseases such as Chagas disease, leishmaniasis and schistosomiasis affect hundreds of millions of people worldwide.
- Many of these diseases are preventable through informed protective measures.
Main vectors and diseases they transmit
Vectors are living organisms that can transmit infectious diseases between humans or from animals to humans. Many of these vectors are bloodsucking insects, which ingest disease-producing microorganisms during a blood meal from an infected host (human or animal) and later inject it into a new host during their subsequent blood meal.
Mosquitoes are the best known disease vector. Others include ticks, flies, sandflies, fleas, triatomine bugs and some freshwater aquatic snails.
Mosquitoes
- Aedes
- Chikungunya
- Dengue fever
- Rift Valley fever
- Yellow fever
- Zika
- Anopheles
- Malaria
- Culex
- 1.Japanese encephalitis(In most temperate areas of Asia, JEV is transmitted mainly during the warm season, when large epidemics can occur. In the tropics and subtropics, transmission can occur year-round but often intensifies during the rainy season and pre-harvest period in rice-cultivating regions.)
- 2.Lymphatic filariasis
- 3.West Nile fever
Sandflies
- Leishmaniasis
- Sandfly fever (phelebotomus fever)
Ticks
- Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever
- Lyme disease
- Relapsing fever (borreliosis)
- Rickettsial diseases (spotted fever and Q fever)
- Tick-borne encephalitis
- Tularaemia
Triatomine bugs
- Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis)
Tsetse flies
- Sleeping sickness (African trypanosomiasis)
Fleas
- Plague (transmitted by fleas from rats to humans)
- Rickettsiosis
Black flies
- Onchocerciasis (river blindness)
Aquatic snails
- Schistosomiasis (bilharziasis)
Vector-borne diseases
Vector-borne diseases are illnesses caused by pathogens and parasites in human populations. Every year there are more than 1 billion cases and over 1 million deaths from vector-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue, schistosomiasis, human African trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis and onchocerciasis, globally.
Vector-borne diseases account for over 17% of all infectious diseases.
Distribution of these diseases is determined by a complex dynamic of environmental and social factors.
Globalization of travel and trade, unplanned urbanization and environmental challenges such as climate change are having a significant impact on disease transmission in recent years. Some diseases, such as dengue, chikungunya and West Nile virus, are emerging in countries where they were previously unknown.
Changes in agricultural practices due to variation in temperature and rainfall can affect the transmission of vector-borne diseases. Climate information can be used to monitor and predict distribution and longer-term trends in malaria and other climate-sensitive diseases.
National Deworming initiative
- National Deworming Day will mobilize health personnel, state governments and other stakeholders to prioritize investment in control of Soil Transmitted Helminth (STH) infections—one of the most common infection
- It aims to create mass awareness about the most effective and low-cost STH treatment— administering Albendazole tablets
So what is Soil-transmitted helminths?
Soil-transmitted helminth infections are among the most common infections worldwide and affect the poorest and most deprived communities. They are transmitted by eggs present in human faeces which in turn contaminate soil in areas where sanitation is poor.The main species that infect people are the roundworm (Ascaris lumbricoides), the whipworm (Trichuris trichiura) and the hookworms (Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale.
Disease(s) are not communicable by sharing the body piercing needles?
1. Kala azar 2. Dengue 3. Malaria 4. AIDS
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
a) 2 and 3 only
b) 1 and 3 only
c) 1, 2 and 3 only
d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
Ans-[A]
It is HIV that mainly is transmitted via the needle piercing. Rest other are transmitted through vectors. In case of Kala zar cases of transmssion through contaminated needles, blood transfusion and mother to child in womb has been seen.
CLARITY ON FLU'S
Swine Flu
Swine influenza, also called pig influenza, swine flu, hog flu and pig flu, is an infection caused by any one of several types of swine influenza viruses. As of 2009, the known SIV strains include influenza C and the subtypes of influenza A known as H1N1, H1N2, H2N1, H3N1, H3N2, and H2N3.
For the uninitiated, H1N1 flu, also called the swine flu, is caused by a type of Influenza-A virus. Influenza, commonly known as "the flu" has the peculiar capability of mutating every year. With the onset of winters, usually, influenza cases see a spike. "Typically the way to prevent influenza as well as the H1N1 influenza is to get vaccinated every year, besides taking the usual precautions. The low grade H1N1 infection would last about 5-7 days.
Bird Flu
Influenza A virus subtype H5N1, is a subtype of the influenza A virus which can cause illness in humans and many other animal species.A bird-adapted strain of H5N1) for highly pathogenic avian influenza virus of type A of subtype H5N1, is the highly pathogenic causative agent of H5N1 flu, commonly known as avian influenza (“bird flu”).
Zika Virus
Zika virus is a member of the virus family Flaviviridae and the genus Flavivirus. It is spread by daytime-active Aedes mosquitoes.The infection, known as Zika fever, often causes no or only mild symptoms, similar to a mild form of dengue Fever.
MERS- Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)
Initially called novel coronavirus 2012 or simply novel coronavirus, it was first reported in 2012 after genome sequencing of a virus isolated from sputum samples from a person who fell ill in a 2012 outbreak of a new Flu.
Influenza A virus causes influenza in birds and some mammals,Influenza B viruses are only known to infect humans and seals,[1] giving them influenza
Influenza C viruses are known to infect humans and pigs.[1]
Further Readinng- http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/en/
No comments:
Post a Comment