IMO Convention
For safety of merchant ships. The main objective of the SOLAS Convention is to specify minimum standards for the construction, equipment and operation of ships, compatible with their safety
"Goal-based standards" for oil tankers and bulk carriers were adopted in 2010, requiring new ships to be designed and constructed for a specified design life and to be safe and environmentally friendly, in intact and specified damage conditions, throughout their life.
All passenger ships and all cargo ships of 300 gross tonnage and upwards on international voyages are required to carry equipment designed to improve the chances of rescue following an accident, including satellite emergency position indicating radio beacons (EPIRBs) and search and rescue transponders (SARTs) for the location of the ship or survival craft.
all types of cargo (except liquids and gases in bulk) "which, owing to their particular hazards to ships or persons on board, may require special precautions
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL)
The Convention includes regulations aimed at preventing and minimizing pollution from ships - both accidental pollution and that from routine operations
Annex I Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Oil ( new oil tankers to have double hulls)
Annex II Regulations for the Control of Pollution by Noxious Liquid Substances in Bulk
Annex III Prevention of Pollution by Harmful Substances Carried by Sea in Packaged Form
Annex IV Prevention of Pollution by Sewage from Ships
Annex V Prevention of Pollution by Garbage from Ships
Annex VI Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships
International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW)
Manila Amendments
The most significant amendments are:
New rest hours for seafarers
New grades of certificates of competence for Able seaman in both deck and engine
New and updated training, refreshing requirements
Mandatory security training
Additional medical standards
Specific Alcohol limits in blood or breath.
conventions relating to maritime safety and security and ship/port interface
Athens Convention- The Convention establishes a regime of liability for damage suffered by passengers carried on a seagoing vessel. It declares a carrier liable for damage or loss suffered by a passenger if the incident causing the damage occurred in the course of the carriage and was due to the fault or neglect of the carrier.
The 1976 Protocol made the unit of account the Special Drawing Right (SDR), replacing the "Poincaré franc", based on the "official" value of gold, as the applicable unit of account.
loss suffered as a result of death or personal injury to a passenger caused by:
war, civil war, revolution, rebellion, insurrection, or civil strife arising therefrom, or any hostile act by or against a belligerent power;
capture, seizure, arrest, restraint or detainment, and the consequences thereof or any attempt thereat;
derelict mines, torpedoes, bombs or other derelict weapons of war;
act of any terrorist or any person acting maliciously or from a political motive and any action taken to prevent or counter any such risk; confiscation and expropriation.
London Convention- Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter.
It covers the deliberate disposal at sea of wastes or other matter from vessels, aircraft, and platforms. It does not cover discharges from land-based sources such as pipes and outfalls, wastes generated incidental to normal operation of vessels, or placement of materials for purposes other than mere disposal, providing such disposal is not contrary to aims of the Convention
It follows a "black list/grey list" approach to regulating ocean dumping; Annex I materials (black list) generally may not be ocean dumped (though for certain Annex I materials dumping may be permissible if present only as "trace contaminants" or "rapidly rendered harmless" and Annex II materials (grey list) require "special care". Annex III lays out general technical factors to be considered in establishing criteria for issuance of ocean dumping permits.
The main objective of the London Convention is to prevent indiscriminate disposal at sea of wastes that could be liable for creating hazards to human health; harming living resources and marine life; damaging amenities; or interfering with other legitimate uses of the sea. ("all marine waters other than the internal waters" of the States).
India is not a party to this convention.
Bunker Convention-The Convention was adopted to ensure that adequate, prompt, and effective compensation is available to persons who suffer damage caused by spills of oil, when carried as fuel in ships' bunkers.
The Convention applies to damage caused on the territory, including the territorial sea, and in exclusive economic zones of States Parties.
"Pollution damage" means:
(a) loss or damage caused outside the ship by contamination resulting from the escape or discharge of bunker oil from the ship, wherever such escape or discharge may occur, provided that compensation for impairment of the environment other than loss of profit from such impairment shall be limited to costs of reasonable measures of reinstatement actually undertaken or to be undertaken; and
(b) the costs of preventive measures and further loss or damage caused by preventive measures.
Another key provision is the requirement for direct action - this would allow a claim for compensation for pollution damage to be brought directly against an insurer
Hong Kong Convention- An Inventory of Hazardous Materials is one of the requirements of the Hong Kong convention for the 'safe and environmentally sound recycling of ships'. The Hong Kong Convention has been designed to try to improve the health and safety of current ship breaking practices. India, Bangladesh, China, and Pakistan holding the largest ship breaking yards.
All vessels over 500 gross tonnes (GT) that are in commercial service (the convention does not apply to warships or naval auxiliary or ships operating their whole life only in waters subject to the sovereignty or jurisdiction of the State whose flag the ship is entitled to fly) will have to comply with the convention once it comes into force. Each party that does wish to comply must restrict the use of hazardous materials on all ships that fly the flag of that party.
Nairobi Convention- The Nairobi International Convention on the Removal of Wrecks, 2007, was adopted by an international conference held in Kenya in 2007. the Convention will provide the legal basis for States to remove, or have removed, shipwrecks that may have the potential to affect adversely the safety of lives, goods and property at sea, as well as the marine environment.
1. The principal region of the Convention is the Western Indian Ocean, particularly the Eastern and Southern Africa region
2. Addresses land-based pollution
3. Addresses pollution from seabed activities
4. Addresses pollution from transboundary movement of hazardous materials
5. Addresses Airborne pollution
6. Addresses the importance of biological diversity.
7. Calls for scientific and technological cooperation between the parties
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